Greenhouse effect
All energy sources that exist on Earth comes from the Sun. Most of the energy in the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When it reached the surface of the Earth's energy, he changed from light into heat that warms the Earth. The surface of the Earth, will absorb some heat and reflect back the rest. Some of this heat tangible long wave infrared radiation into space. However, some heat remains trapped in Earth's atmosphere due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and methane into the trap this radiation wave. These gases absorb and reflect back the radiation waves emitted by the Earth and consequently the heat is stored in the Earth's surface. This situation occurs continuously resulting in annual average temperature of the earth continues to rise.
These gases function as a greenhouse gas. With the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped underneath.
The greenhouse effect is very much needed by all living things on earth, because without it, this planet will become very cold. With an average temperature of 15 ° C (59 ° F), the earth actually has more hot 33 ° C (59 ° F) from the original temperature, if there is no greenhouse effect the earth's temperature is only -18 ° C so that ice will cover the entire Earth's surface. However, on the contrary, if these gases in the atmosphere have been excessive, will cause global warming.
Tampilkan postingan dengan label english. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label english. Tampilkan semua postingan
Rabu, 25 Mei 2011
satan also wants a break
Satan also wants a break
Prioritizing SALAM BEFORE KALAM, ....Assalmu alaikum wr.wbPrioritizing GREETINGS BEFORE ANSWERING curious ...!There is something interesting at the time I read selembaran from something ordinary people consider to be heard even stale become everyday food into something seen Rock On ... what it was incredible ... ....?"Satan wants to break"The Qur'an explains the "devil" is the real enemy of man. Hostilities that would last until the Day of Resurrection. As long as humans still exist, Satan will continue to be responsible for misleading the Man of the way of Allah. In fact he has promised the people of God will come either from the left, right, front, and rear, both day and night. Even when people rest and sleep. Because the devil never sleeps. Lately devil began to break a promise.
why ... ... ... ...?As if they were suffering from acute amnesia disease. He does not even remember when he had vowed to mislead people from the path of Allah. He no longer remembered by sumppah he ever express to God. He was no longer eager to tempt man, he engaged in IUT laziness dialogue with God.What is it and why ... ... ... ... ..?"O God I ask permission to break seduce men", said the devil start a dialogue. Although she devil but still call God. Ebrbeda with a Muslim populated country, its leaders giddy called God. Used to refer to GOD ALMIGHTY.Loh! Why ask for a break ... ... ... ...? Did not you used to request the opportunity to tease man until you can lead them astray from the path of my ... ... ... ....?Right! I was first asked to be given the opportunity tempt man ..So what else is why all of a sudden you are asked to stop ... ..? God asked.True, the chance to tempt humans have been given. But the problem is already turning, Now the man who intended to tempt the devil. Because humans have more pitar tempting than me. Answer dickens little nervous. Because his role was in taking human.You mean ... ... ..?He is now human beings have been more evil than the devil, smarter, and more lawlessness deceive thee from me. Let alone to deceive fellow human being, if necessary, they want to deceive God. So I guess I do not need anymore work. Moreover, just to tease people. "I want to rest it", explained the reasons devil member.Man, it's worse than an animal. If the animal still protect and cherish their children, but men have a lot to kill his own son's murder even kill each other.Humans have lebuh duhaka from other creatures on this earth. So to let alone my work ... ... ... ... ... ... ...? Obviously devil with bertannya tone. (* Imran)Ash-Shams
Prioritizing SALAM BEFORE KALAM, ....Assalmu alaikum wr.wbPrioritizing GREETINGS BEFORE ANSWERING curious ...!There is something interesting at the time I read selembaran from something ordinary people consider to be heard even stale become everyday food into something seen Rock On ... what it was incredible ... ....?"Satan wants to break"The Qur'an explains the "devil" is the real enemy of man. Hostilities that would last until the Day of Resurrection. As long as humans still exist, Satan will continue to be responsible for misleading the Man of the way of Allah. In fact he has promised the people of God will come either from the left, right, front, and rear, both day and night. Even when people rest and sleep. Because the devil never sleeps. Lately devil began to break a promise.
why ... ... ... ...?As if they were suffering from acute amnesia disease. He does not even remember when he had vowed to mislead people from the path of Allah. He no longer remembered by sumppah he ever express to God. He was no longer eager to tempt man, he engaged in IUT laziness dialogue with God.What is it and why ... ... ... ... ..?"O God I ask permission to break seduce men", said the devil start a dialogue. Although she devil but still call God. Ebrbeda with a Muslim populated country, its leaders giddy called God. Used to refer to GOD ALMIGHTY.Loh! Why ask for a break ... ... ... ...? Did not you used to request the opportunity to tease man until you can lead them astray from the path of my ... ... ... ....?Right! I was first asked to be given the opportunity tempt man ..So what else is why all of a sudden you are asked to stop ... ..? God asked.True, the chance to tempt humans have been given. But the problem is already turning, Now the man who intended to tempt the devil. Because humans have more pitar tempting than me. Answer dickens little nervous. Because his role was in taking human.You mean ... ... ..?He is now human beings have been more evil than the devil, smarter, and more lawlessness deceive thee from me. Let alone to deceive fellow human being, if necessary, they want to deceive God. So I guess I do not need anymore work. Moreover, just to tease people. "I want to rest it", explained the reasons devil member.Man, it's worse than an animal. If the animal still protect and cherish their children, but men have a lot to kill his own son's murder even kill each other.Humans have lebuh duhaka from other creatures on this earth. So to let alone my work ... ... ... ... ... ... ...? Obviously devil with bertannya tone. (* Imran)Ash-Shams
direct and indirect
DIRECT dan INDIRECT
"pengertian DIRECT dan INDIRECT speech
penjelasan direct and indirect speech
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to
"pengertian DIRECT dan INDIRECT speech
penjelasan direct and indirect speech
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple present – menjadi – Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Simple past
Past continuous
Future
Present
Indirect Speech
Simple past
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Past
Past
Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :
Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
Indirect Speech
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He said that he would go there
Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
Peraturan II
1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb – Reported speech
Present tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
• command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
• precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
• request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
• entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
• prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to
present perfect tense
Present perfect tense
The Present Perfect Tense - When to use
The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is "I have eaten" (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in "I have been eating" or "I have lived here for five years."
The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "eaten" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3
1.
We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.
Examples
I have been abroad two times.
Anna has never broken a leg.
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
2.
We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and continuous up to now.
Examples
I have been a teacher for more than ten years.
We haven't seen Janine since Friday.
How long have you been at this school?
Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
3.
We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the present.
Examples
I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?
Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present.
The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is "I have eaten" (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in "I have been eating" or "I have lived here for five years."
The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "eaten" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3
1.
We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.
Examples
I have been abroad two times.
Anna has never broken a leg.
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
2.
We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and continuous up to now.
Examples
I have been a teacher for more than ten years.
We haven't seen Janine since Friday.
How long have you been at this school?
Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
3.
We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the present.
Examples
I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?
Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present.
Kamis, 17 Maret 2011
OBESITY CAUSES
Scientifically, obesity occurs from consuming more calories than needed by the body. Cause of the imbalance between calorie intake and burning is still unclear.
The occurrence of obesity involves several factors:
Genetic factors. Obesity tends lowered, so suspected to have genetic causes. But family members not only share genes but also diet and lifestyle habits, which can promote obesity. Often difficult to separate the lifestyle factors with genetic factors. Recent research shows that the average genetic factors influence 33% of the weight.
Environmental factors. Gene is an important factor in many cases of obesity, but one's environment also plays a significant role. This environment includes behavioral / lifestyle patterns (eg what to eat and how many times someone eat and how their activities). A person certainly can not change their genetic pattern, but he can change the diet and activity.
Psychological factors. What's in a person's mind can affect her eating habits. Many people reacted to his emotions by eating.
One form of emotional disturbance is a negative self-perception. This disorder is a serious problem in many young women who suffer from obesity, and can cause excessive awareness about obesity and discomfort in social interaction.
There are two abnormal eating patterns that could be the cause of obesity is eating in a number of very much (binge) and eat at night (at night eating syndrome). Both diets are usually triggered by stress and disappointment. Binge similar to bulimia nervosa, in which a person eat in a number of very many, the difference in binge this is not followed by the brings back what has been eaten. As a result, the calories consumed very much. On the night eating syndrome, is a reduced appetite in the morning and followed by excessive eating, agitation and insomnia at night.
Health factors. Some diseases can cause obesity, including:
Hypothyroidism
Cushing's syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Some nerve disorders that can cause a person to eat a lot.
Drugs.
Certain medications (eg steroids and some anti-depressants) can cause weight gain.
Growth factor. The addition of size or number of fat cells (or both) cause increasing amounts of fat stored in the body. Obese people, especially those being fat in childhood, can have the fat cells to 5 times more than people whose weight is normal. The number of fat cells can not be reduced, because the weight loss can only be accomplished by reducing the amount of fat in each cell.
Physical activity. Lack of physical activity is probably one of the main causes of the increasing incidence of obesity in the middle of a prosperous society. People who are inactive need fewer calories. Someone who tend to consume foods rich in fat and not a balanced physical activity, will be obese.
Senin, 21 Februari 2011
ADVERB CLAUSE
Is a subordinate clause use as adverb. It can be used to qualify an adjective, verb or an adverb.
A. Qualifying adjective:
The student will be pleased if he succeed
Were you dizzy when you flew by plane?
Don’t be impatient where you find the disaster
B. Qualifying verb
The thief run away after he saw the policeman
Marry put the meat where the cat couldn’t reach it
Fredy doesn’t enter the class because he sick
C. Qualifying adverb
They train continuouslythat they wish to win the next game.
You mush speak seriously unless you teacher will be ungry with you.
We mush be here until the visitors come
Adverb clauses as commonly use to tell how, when, where, why, how much or under that condition an action of the verb takes place.
Eg.
1. He talked as he knew all about it. (telling how he talks)
2. Before I could say anything she had gone. (telling what happened when she had gone)
3. The bandit died where he was shot. (telling where the bandit died)
4. In order that you can study well I’ll go. (telling tells why I’ll go)
5. I can run as fast as he can. (telling how fast I can run)
6. If you go out in the raining time, you will get drenched to the skin. (it tell under what condition you will get if you go out)
FROM:
English grammar grade 4 & 5
The syllabus team of MMI
(Madrasatul Mu’alimin Al-islamiyah)
Islamic boarding school Daar El-Qolam
Gintung Jayanti Tangerang
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